Knowledge Tradition

When we burn coal or wood in a burner or a stove, we see that the coal becomes extreme heat (burning lava) while burning. After some time we see that when the burner cools down, the coal finishes and the ash remains.

We use wood, cow dung cakes, kerosene (kerosene), bio gas or (LPG) gas in the stove for cooking. Scooters and buses run on diesel, petrol and (CNG) roads. In the fields, the tractor also runs on diesel.

Hydrocarbons are compounds of hydrogen and carbon. They are found in petroleum and natural gases. Methane (CH₄), Ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀) are some examples of hydrocarbons.

We often read the news in the newspapers that on seeing it in the morning it was found that some people were found dead in a closed room, who were sleeping by burning coal in the fireplace.

Carbon dioxide is 0.03 percent of the total volume of air. This gas is produced by burning of fuel, by respiration and by rotting of animals and plants (vegetables) and is added to the atmosphere.

Carbon is found in two forms - (1) crystalline (crystal-forming) and (2) amorphous (shapeless). Crystalline atoms are arranged in an order. Diamond and graphite are two forms of carbon.

Carbon is the 12th element found in abundant quantities in the Earth's upper layer (surface). In nature it is found in both independent and combined states.

Common salt is one of the common salts that is used mainly in our daily life. The chemical name of common salt is sodium chloride (NaCl). Another such salt is Soda, which is chemically named sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃).

In your daily life, you use different types of soaps and detergents. Washing and cleaning clothes are done with their help. These substances contain alkalis, which are chemically hydroxides or oxides of metals and react with water to form hydroxides.

You must have seen and eaten many such substances in your life, which have a sour taste. Some examples of these substances are lemon, tamarind, vinegar, orange and yogurt.

If some substances are mixed by mistake, then they need to be separated from each other, but sometimes it is very difficult to separate them. In such situations we use a variety of special methods, such as filtering, gleaning, sublimation, evaporation, precipitation to easily separate substances.

If you add some sugar or salt to the water, we see that in a short time they dissolve in the water and then do not appear in the water.

There are many substances that consist of the same type of atoms, such as oxygen, hydrogen, gold, copper, silver, iron, nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur, magnesium, aluminum. Such substances which consist of the same type of atoms are called elements.

Matter can be divided into three groups - solids, liquids and gases, depending on their states.

We see many things around us such as a table, chair, book, glass, hills, mountains, river, birds, animals, sun, moon and stars. All the objects seen around us are either born naturally or made by humans.

Whenever we feel hungry, we eat food. Food not only ends our hunger but also gives us energy. Food gives energy to do some essential elements required for the important works of the body.

Organs which tell us about the presence, element or taste of any objects are called sensory organs. We can see, listen or feel by these organs. We have five sensory organs - eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin.

All the coordinating activities are done by our brain and nerves which is called nervous system.

Every cell of our body keeps on doing something or the other. Therefore, some garbage is always found there. These elements are harmful and should not be collected in body. It should be thrown out of the human body.

How digested food from food pipe and absorbed food from body reaches every cell? Carbon dioxide from all body parts and other waste elements related to waste materials (kidney, lungs)? All there works are done by a pump (heart) and artery coming out and reaching there.

All living organisms including humans breathe. Our body needs energy for many activities 24 hours a day. This energy is used inside the cells during breathing. It uses oxygen to disintegrate glucose from food.

 Every organism needs food to live. There are five steps of nutrition or food intake to its usage.

We are movable. We are not static at one place. We move from one place to another. We can also move our hands, legs, head and so on. All these movements are possible by the mixture of two systems in human body - bones and muscles. All bones together make skeleton system and all muscles together make muscle system.

Every organism whether plant or organisms reproduces his species and gives birth to new ones. Giving birth to a child of its own type is called reproduction. Plants reproduce in two ways - through seeds or by stem or leaves.

Plants which are grown in soil, absorb water and mineral salts from soil and roots.

Nutrition is the process in which an organism (even if it is a plant or organism) intakes food and makes it to be used by the body and then use it.

Roots of plants take a lot of water inside them. This water moves to the top to bottom of the leaves being used as water and source of mineral salts for photosynthesis.

Plants do breathe in the same way as other organisms. They get energy to do many activities in their body, for example, energy is required to make starch out of glucose.

Fruits are made from flowers. Mango, jamun or java plum, pomegranate, strawberry are fruits and tomatoes, cucumber are included in vegetables are also fruits. There is a seed present inside the fruit. For example - mango and tomato gas more than one seeds.

Flowers are also present in the stem of the plant. Flowers are the reproductive organ of plants.

Leaves are green colored thin and long structure from stem. This part of plant has different shapes. Leaves make food for plants. This process is called photosynthesis.

Part of the plant above soil is called stem or trunk. This is the most important part of shoot system with stamen, buds, leaves etc. Most of smaller parts have soft and green stem which move easily.

There are three types of plants - Grass, Shrubs and Tree.

Protozoa is a single cell organism which has specific characteristic for organisms. These can move from one place to another. They can catch their food and eat it. Amoeba is an example of protozoa.

Algae are simple organism which looks like plants. They have a cell membrane and chlorophyll. They can be single cell or multi cell. They don't have stem or leaves, these are mostly found in water or wet places.

Bacteria are the simplest and smallest organisms found on earth. They are found in almost every place like air, water, soil and even inside our body. Their body is made up of single cell and size is from 0.2 to 100 microns (1 micron = 1/1000 millimeter).

Living organisms are very much found in population. They have different colours and form. It has been categorized into many categories on the basis of similarities. Basically living organisms are categorized into two categories - plants and organisms.

Basically, there are 9 characteristics of living things.

There are some changes that we cannot see easily with our eyes easily. Many species of organisms are born on earth. These changes take a long time than a human life to be seen. Therefore, humans cannot see the sequence of development of these changes. But scientists have collected many proofs and facts to prove these changes.

Fertilizers and pesticides are used largely to fulfill the food needs of the growing population of the world.

Many soaps and detergents are available in the market for bathing, washing and cleaning. They are made attractive by adding colors and smell.

Construction of home, bridges, roads and dams use natural stone wood, metals and bricks, lime, cement, concrete, etc. Natural stones like granite, marble and sand stone are also used. These materials have been used in the construction of nagarjun sagar dam.

Many metal elements can be separated from each other on the basis of physical qualities. These physical characteristics are used to identify metals.

We have been using metals since ages. The use of metals has been very important for human life that many civilizations have been named after metals like Iron Age and Copper Age.

Everything, organisms and plants are dependent on each other. They are connected together. Nature has made us in a way that humans, plants, animals and organisms are connected to each other. This makes a balance in nature. If one of them slips out or get separated then the chain gets destroyed.

The day and night occur by rotation of the earth and the sun; likewise, the seasons occur by revolution. This revolution of the earth is completed in 365 days - 7 days in a week, 30 days in a month and 365 days in a year.

The earth is round like a globe. It also revolves around the sun rotating on its tilted axis. This is the reason why the sun rises and appears to be sinking. That is why night and day are made.

The sun, moon and stars have a very important role in people's life. In the absence of these, life of humans is not possible. People of the older generation thought about them in different ways.

The sky is very large. It is wrapped around our earth. When we see it with our eyes we see blue color. In Vedic culture it is called 'open space' or a place that is void.

Chemical energy is related to the type of chemical conversion in which each atom of a reagent retains its identity and there is no change in its behavior and nature. But there are also some energy conversion processes in which the nuclei of some atoms remain unchanged.